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The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) primarily regulates child placement and protection for Native American children. The act was enacted in response to the high rates of removal of Native American children from their families and communities by state welfare systems, often without adequate consideration of their cultural heritage and tribal connections.

ICWA establishes criteria for the placement of Native American children who are involved in custody proceedings, ensuring that these children are placed in homes that respect their cultural identity. It gives tribal authorities and families a voice in the placement decisions, aiming to keep children within their tribal communities whenever possible.

This focus on child placement and protection is crucial in recognizing and preserving the unique cultural values and family structures within Native American tribes. By prioritizing the interests of Native American children, ICWA seeks to reduce the detrimental impacts of removing these children from their communities and to promote the stability and security of Native families.